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Elementary Standards Mapping

for WI CS 3-5

42

Standards in this Framework

Standard Lessons
AP1.a.4.i
Construct and execute algorithms (sets of step-by- step instructions), which include sequencing, loops, and conditionals to accomplish a task, both independently and collaboratively, with or without a computing device.
    Introduction to Computer Science and Scratch Practice with Conditionals Part 1 Adding with Loops Game Mechanics with Comparison Operators Loops (Unplugged) 3D Design: Codeblocks Exploring Ecosystems Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Sound Frequency & Amplitude Events Platform Game Design Communities Adapt to & Modify Their Environment Fractions and Variables Creative Storytelling Weather and Climate Digital Greeting Card Project From ScratchJr to Scratch Introduction to Comparison Operators Classifying Rocks Complex Conditionals: If/Then/Else Chase the Star Nutrition Maze Exploring Heat Decimal Multiplication and Conditionals Exploring Adaptations Physical Changes Variables Plant and Animal Cells Digital Flashcards Animating Poetry Exploring the Water Cycle Simple Algorithms Parts of Speech: Random Sentence Generator Introduction to Conditionals Wave Generator Division and Conditionals Multiple Algorithms Multiplication and Conditionals Unit Converter Sensing and Responding to the Environment Effects of Pollution Nonfiction Animated Recordings Measuring Lengths Grammar Quiz Game Drawing with the BBC micro:bit® and Scratch Loops Dash Robot Storytelling Dash Robot Mazes Animating Sprites with Multiplication Earth Systems Day and Night Cycle of Matter Multi-digit Multiplication and Conditionals Game Effects Clones in Games Constructive and Destructive Processes Revolutionary War Timeline Revolutionary War Timeline with the BBC micro:bit® Animal Classification Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Digital Pet Project Animating Unit Fractions Multiplication Quiz Game ScratchJr to Scratch: Events and Loops Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Cue Robot 3 - Loops and Functions VEX GO®: Introduction VEX GO®: Measurement Create a Drawing App Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Basic Moves Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Repeat Loops with Sea Turtles Skills Practice: Events Skills Practice: If/Then Conditionals Skills Practice: Repeat Loops Skills Practice: Functions Skills Practice: Forever Loops Skills Practice: If/Then/Else Conditionals Skills Practice: Variables Scratch Drawing Tools Skills Practice: Costumes, Backdrops, and Animations Coding with LEGO® Spike Prime Skills Practice: Functions with Boolean Inputs Skills Practice: Operators Skills Practice: Functions with Number Inputs House Design with Area and Perimeter Classes and Objects in Games micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Ten Punctuate a Title micro:bit®: Animal Response to the Environment Pair Programming: Create a Band micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Hundred micro:bit® Rounding with Decimals Seasonal Project (Spring): Create a Chase Game! VEX GO®: Speed and Energy How We See: Light Reflection Practice with Conditionals Part 2 Practice with Conditionals Part 4 LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor Seasonal Project (Summer): Pop The Balloons Practice with Conditionals Part 3 Seasonal Project (Fall): Gathering Apples Game Complex Conditionals: Balloon Game Choose Your Own Path: Elements of Culture VEX GO®: Lines and Angles Plan a Quest Pinball Game Project Mad Libs Project Functions Dance Project Flower Garden Functions Project Design an App Game Design Project Decimal Division and Conditionals Add and Subtract Fractions Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers Naming Numbers Game Modeling Life Cycles Fossils and Past Environments State Project Atoms and Molecules Rates and Unit Rates Positive and Negative Numbers Evaluate Algebraic Equations Balanced Ecosystems Multimedia Book Report micro:bit® Reaction Game Animating Sprites with Factors Animating Sprites with Division Makey Makey®: Introduction Makey Makey®: Graphing Points on a Coordinate Plane micro:bit®: Graphing Points on a Coordinate Plane Pong Game I-Spy with Lists Click-a-Mole Animating Poetry Creating Algorithms Introduction to Clones Events: Dot in Space Functions: Paint by Numbers Loops: Catch the Ball Scout's Quest: Functions with Boolean Inputs Broadcast Messages: Marco Polo Clones: Throwing Acorns Game Scout's Quest: Functions with Number Inputs Lists: Shopping with Scout Scout's Quest: Conditionals Creating Turtle Graphics Conditionals: Flying Bird Broadcast Messages: Tell a Joke Lists: Spelling Bee Events: Traveling with Scout Variables in Dance Game Design Project Operators: Coin Flip Code Tunes Functions: About Me Conditionals: Changing Effects Conditionals: Underwater Exploration Conditionals: Color Sense Conditionals: Mazes Introduction to Functions Costumes, Backdrops, and Animations Race Track Game House Design with Area and Perimeter Star Brightness and Distance Unit Fractions with Variables Digital Vocabulary Flashcard Quiz Seasonal Project (Winter) Design a Snowman KA2.2.1a - A Day at the Park: Karel Clean Up KA2.2.1b - A Day at the Park: Find the Exit KA2.2.1c - A Day at the Park: Escape the Bedroom KA2.2.2a - A Day at the Park: Fetch Karel KA2.2.2b - A Day at the Park: Get Down the Hallway KA2.2.2c - A Day at the Park: Escape the Building KA2.2.3a - A Day at the Park: Building Towers KA2.2.3b - A Day at the Park: Get Around the Cars KA2.2.3c - A Day at the Park: Find the Park KA2.2.4a - A Day at the Park: Making Custom Colors KA2.2.4b - A Day at the Park: Make a Tree KA2.2.4c - A Day at the Park: Set Up the Scavenger Hunt KA2.1.1a- Rosetta Stone: Pick Up the Hat 1 KA2.1.1b- Rosetta Stone: Pick Up the Hat 2 KA2.1.1c- Rosetta Stone: Travel to Egypt KA2.1.2a- Rosetta Stone: Approach the Entrance KA2.1.2b- Rosetta Stone: Uncover the Hieroglyph KA2.1.3a- Rosetta Stone: Light the Torches 1 KA2.1.3b- Rosetta Stone: Light the Torches 2 KA2.1.4a- Rosetta Stone: Leave Without a Trace KA2.1.4b- Rosetta Stone: Which Way? KA2.1.5a- Rosetta Stone: Snakes! KA2.1.5b- Rosetta Stone: Escape the Scarab Room KA2.1.6- Rosetta Stone: Challenge: Draw a Hieroglyph KA2.3.1- Evaluation: Collect the Tennis Balls micro:bit® Butterfly Migration Simulator Drawing Tools: Sea Creatures
AP1.a.5.i
Decompose a larger computational problem into smaller sub-problems independently or in a collaborative group.
    Game Mechanics with Comparison Operators Decimal Multiplication and Conditionals Plant and Animal Cells Animating Poetry Grammar Quiz Game Dash Robot Mazes Cycle of Matter Multi-digit Multiplication and Conditionals Clones in Games Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Digital Pet Project Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Cue Robot 3 - Loops and Functions VEX GO®: Introduction VEX GO®: Measurement Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Basic Moves Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Repeat Loops with Sea Turtles Skills Practice: Events Skills Practice: Sequences Skills Practice: Operators Skills Practice: Functions with Number Inputs House Design with Area and Perimeter Classes and Objects in Games micro:bit®: Animal Response to the Environment Pair Programming: Create a Band VEX GO®: Speed and Energy How We See: Light Reflection LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor The US Government Choose Your Own Path: Elements of Culture VEX GO®: Lines and Angles Plan a Quest Pinball Game Project Mad Libs Project Functions Dance Project Flower Garden Functions Project Design an App Game Design Project Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers Geographic Effects on Early Civilizations Multiplying and Dividing Fractions Multimedia Book Report micro:bit® Reaction Game Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 1 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 2 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 3 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 4 Create a Maze Animating Poetry Events: Dot in Space Functions: Paint by Numbers Broadcast Messages: Marco Polo Scout's Quest: Functions with Number Inputs Creating Turtle Graphics Broadcast Messages: Tell a Joke Events: Traveling with Scout Game Design Project Operators: Coin Flip Sequences: Parallel Programming Functions: About Me House Design with Area and Perimeter Careers in CS: Health and Fitness Computational Thinking: Design an Obstacle Course Careers in CS: Major League Baseball micro:bit® Butterfly Migration Simulator CS Innovators: Grace Hopper Computational Thinking: Design a School Computational Thinking: Design a Neighborhood
AP2.a.3.i
Construct programs to solve a problem or for creative expression, which include sequencing, events, loops, conditionals, parallelism, and variables, using a block-based visual programming language or text-based language, both independently and collaboratively (e.g., pair programming).
    Game Mechanics with Comparison Operators 3D Design: Codeblocks Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Sound Frequency & Amplitude Fractions and Variables Introduction to Comparison Operators Digital Flashcards Wave Generator Unit Converter Revolutionary War Timeline Revolutionary War Timeline with the BBC micro:bit® Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Digital Pet Project Animating Unit Fractions Multiplication Quiz Game Cue Robot 3 - Loops and Functions Skills Practice: Variables Skills Practice: Operators Area of a Rectangle with Tiles House Design with Area and Perimeter Classes and Objects in Games micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Ten micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Hundred micro:bit® Rounding with Decimals Seasonal Project (Summer): Pop The Balloons Seasonal Project (Fall): Gathering Apples Game Pinball Game Project Mad Libs Project Design an App Game Design Project Naming Numbers Game Rates and Unit Rates Positive and Negative Numbers Scale of Planets in the Solar System Balanced Ecosystems micro:bit® Reaction Game Pong Game I-Spy with Lists Click-a-Mole Introduction to Clones Functions: Paint by Numbers Clones: Throwing Acorns Game Lists: Shopping with Scout Lists: Spelling Bee Variables in Dance Game Design Project Operators: Coin Flip Code Tunes Functions: About Me Conditionals: Underwater Exploration Race Track Game House Design with Area and Perimeter Unit Fractions with Variables Digital Vocabulary Flashcard Quiz Seasonal Project (Winter) Design a Snowman
AP2.a.4.i
Create a plan as part of the iterative design process, both independently and with diverse collaborative teams (e.g., storyboard, flowchart, pseudo-code, story map).
    Dash Robot Storytelling Dash Robot Mazes Dash Robot 1 - Movement Coding with LEGO® Spike Prime Pair Programming: Create a Band Computational Thinking: Design an Obstacle Course Computational Thinking: Design a School Computational Thinking: Design a Neighborhood
AP2.a.8.m
Use an iterative design process (e.g., define the problem; generate ideas; build, test, and improve solutions) to solve computational problems, both independently and collaboratively.
    Dash Robot Storytelling Dash Robot Mazes Dash Robot 1 - Movement Coding with LEGO® Spike Prime Pair Programming: Create a Band micro:bit® Butterfly Migration Simulator
AP3.a.2.i
Use proper citations and document when ideas are borrowed and changed for their own use (e.g., using pictures created by others, using music created by others, remixing programming projects).
    Giving Credit Through Attributions
AP3.b.2.i
Understand that algorithms have impacted society in both beneficial and harmful ways. AP3.b.3.i Compare different problem-solving techniques.
    Training AI Using Data
AP3.b.4.i
Modify a set of instructions (e.g., in dancing, cooking, or other areas) and discuss how many paths can lead to the same result.
AP4.a.2.i
Use several existing functions or procedures to solve a problem (e.g., using several square, circle, and triangle drawing functions to create a larger picture).
AP5.a.3.i
Apply collaboration strategies to support problem solving within the design cycle of a program.
    Dash Robot Storytelling Dash Robot Mazes Dash Robot 1 - Movement Coding with LEGO® Spike Prime Pair Programming: Create a Band
AP5.a.4.i
Understand there are many resources that can be used or tapped to solve a problem.
    Game Mechanics with Comparison Operators Decimal Multiplication and Conditionals Plant and Animal Cells Animating Poetry Grammar Quiz Game Dash Robot Mazes Cycle of Matter Multi-digit Multiplication and Conditionals Clones in Games Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Digital Pet Project Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Cue Robot 3 - Loops and Functions VEX GO®: Introduction VEX GO®: Measurement Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Basic Moves Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Repeat Loops with Sea Turtles Skills Practice: Events Skills Practice: Sequences Skills Practice: Operators Skills Practice: Functions with Number Inputs House Design with Area and Perimeter Classes and Objects in Games micro:bit®: Animal Response to the Environment Pair Programming: Create a Band VEX GO®: Speed and Energy How We See: Light Reflection LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor The US Government Choose Your Own Path: Elements of Culture VEX GO®: Lines and Angles Plan a Quest Pinball Game Project Mad Libs Project Functions Dance Project Flower Garden Functions Project Design an App Game Design Project Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers Geographic Effects on Early Civilizations Multiplying and Dividing Fractions Multimedia Book Report micro:bit® Reaction Game Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 1 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 2 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 3 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 4 Create a Maze Animating Poetry Events: Dot in Space Broadcast Messages: Marco Polo Scout's Quest: Functions with Number Inputs Creating Turtle Graphics Broadcast Messages: Tell a Joke Events: Traveling with Scout Game Design Project Operators: Coin Flip Sequences: Parallel Programming House Design with Area and Perimeter Careers in CS: Health and Fitness Computational Thinking: Design an Obstacle Course Careers in CS: Major League Baseball Computational Thinking: Design a School Computational Thinking: Design a Neighborhood
AP6.a.2.i
Analyze and debug an algorithm, which includes sequencing, events, loops, conditionals, parallelism, and variables.
    Exploring Ecosystems Sound Frequency & Amplitude Platform Game Design Digital Greeting Card Project Classifying Rocks Nutrition Maze Digital Flashcards Nonfiction Animated Recordings Grammar Quiz Game Loops Dash Robot Storytelling Dash Robot Mazes Classifying Shapes by Category Cycle of Matter Clones in Games Revolutionary War Timeline Digital Pet Project Animating Unit Fractions Ozobot® Programming 1: Introduction Ozobot® Programming 2: More Color Codes Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Cue Robot 3 - Loops and Functions Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Basic Moves Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Repeat Loops with Sea Turtles Skills Practice: Events Skills Practice: Sequences Skills Practice: Repeat Loops Skills Practice: Functions Skills Practice: Forever Loops Skills Practice: Variables Scratch Drawing Tools Skills Practice: Costumes, Backdrops, and Animations Coding with LEGO® Spike Prime Skills Practice: Functions with Boolean Inputs Skills Practice: Operators Skills Practice: Functions with Number Inputs Area of a Rectangle with Tiles House Design with Area and Perimeter Classes and Objects in Games micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Ten Punctuate a Title Pair Programming: Create a Band micro:bit® Rounding to the Nearest Hundred micro:bit® Rounding with Decimals Seasonal Project (Spring): Create a Chase Game! LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor Seasonal Project (Summer): Pop The Balloons The Coordinate Plane Choose Your Own Path: Elements of Culture Classifying Shapes Using Lines and Angles Classifying Quadrilaterals in a Hierarchy Plan a Quest Animation Loops Project Pinball Game Project Mad Libs Project Functions Dance Project Flower Garden Functions Project Design an App Game Design Project Add and Subtract Fractions Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers Naming Numbers Game Modeling Life Cycles State Project Atoms and Molecules Geographic Effects on Early Civilizations Rates and Unit Rates Multiplying and Dividing Fractions Evaluate Algebraic Equations Scale of Planets in the Solar System Balanced Ecosystems Multimedia Book Report micro:bit® Reaction Game Ozobot® Timeline Ozobot® Cycle Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 1 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 2 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 3 Scout's Scratch Expedition Part 4 Pong Game Debugging: Events and Loops Create a Maze Click-a-Mole Program an AI Chatbot Events: Dot in Space Functions: Paint by Numbers Loops: Catch the Ball Scout's Quest: Functions with Boolean Inputs Maze Game Project Broadcast Messages: Marco Polo Scout's Quest: Functions with Number Inputs Creating Turtle Graphics Broadcast Messages: Tell a Joke Events: Traveling with Scout Variables in Dance Game Design Project Operators: Coin Flip Code Tunes Sequences: Parallel Programming Functions: About Me Introduction to Functions Costumes, Backdrops, and Animations Loops: Falling Objects House Design with Area and Perimeter Unit Fractions with Variables Digital Vocabulary Flashcard Quiz Careers in CS: Health and Fitness Careers in CS: Major League Baseball
AP6.b.1.i
Determine the correctness of a computational problem solution by listening to a classmate describe the solution.
CS1.a.3.i
Select and operate appropriate software to perform a variety of tasks and recognize that users have different needs and preferences for the technology they use.
    3D Design: Introduction 3D Design: Create a Bubble Wand
CS1.a.4.i
Use appropriate terminology in naming internal and external components of computing devices and describing their relationships, capabilities, and limitations.
    Introduction to micro:bit® Drawing with the BBC micro:bit® and Scratch Revolutionary War Timeline with the BBC micro:bit® Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Ozobot® Programming 1: Introduction Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Create a Drawing App LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Moving Statue LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor Ozobot® Timeline Ozobot® Cycle
CS1.b.2.i
Model how a computer system works. [Clarification Only includes basic elements of a computer system, such as input, output, processor, sensors, and storage].
    Introduction to micro:bit® Drawing with the BBC micro:bit® and Scratch Revolutionary War Timeline with the BBC micro:bit® Interactive Map of the 13 Colonies with the BBC micro:bit® Ozobot® Programming 1: Introduction Dash Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 1 - Movement Cue Robot 2 - Proximity Sensors Create a Drawing App LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Moving Statue LEGO® SPIKE Essential: Design a Car Sensor Ozobot® Timeline Ozobot® Cycle
CS2.a.2.i
Identify, using accurate terminology, simple hardware and software problems that may occur during use, and apply strategies for solving problems (e.g., reboot device, check for power, check network availability, close and reopen app).
    Computer Detectives: Hardware and Software Problems
DA1.a.1.i
Use numeric values to represent non-numeric ideas in the computer (e.g., binary, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), pixel attributes such as Red Green Blue (RGB)).
    CS Innovators: Grace Hopper
DA1.a.2.i
Answer a question by using a computer to manipulate (e.g., sort, total and/or average, chart, graph) and analyze data that has been collected by the class or student.
    Advanced Data and Programming Data Patterns and Predictions Basic Data and Programming Project Basic Data and Programming Project
DA2.a.2.i
Collect quantitative data over time from multiple sources (e.g., class or group pools, individual observations of street traffic).
DA2.b.2.i
Choose appropriate classifications or grouping for data by shape, color, size, or other attributes.
    Programming and Data Project
DA3.a.2.i
Organize data into new subsets to provide different views or commonalities and present insights gained using visual representations.
    Research: Informational Programs Programming and Data Project
DA3.a.3.i
Organize and evaluate data for its sufficiency and relevance to making accurate inferences or predictions.
    Programming and Data Project
DA4.a.3.i
Create a computational artifact to model the attributes and behaviors associated with a concept (e.g., solar system, life cycle of a plant).
    3D Design: Recreate an Animal Exploring Ecosystems Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Sound Frequency & Amplitude Animal Life Cycles Platform Game Design Weather and Climate Classifying Rocks Exploring Heat Exploring Adaptations Physical Changes Exploring the Water Cycle Wave Generator Effects of Pollution Earth Systems Day and Night Cycle of Matter Constructive and Destructive Processes Digital Pet Project How We See: Light Reflection Design an App Modeling Life Cycles Fossils and Past Environments Atoms and Molecules Scale of Planets in the Solar System Balanced Ecosystems micro:bit® Butterfly Migration Simulator
IC1.a.2.i
Discuss computing technologies that have changed the world and express how those technologies influence, and are influenced by, cultural practices.
    Internet Positivity (Unplugged) Our Words Have Power (Cyberbullying) Digital Identity How Computing Systems Work Technology Timeline CS Innovators: Grace Hopper
IC1.a.3.i
Generate examples of how computing can affect society, and also how societal values can shape computing choices.
    Internet Positivity (Unplugged) Our Words Have Power (Cyberbullying) Digital Identity How Computing Systems Work
IC1.b.2.i
Compare and contrast the effects of communicating electronically to communicating in person.
    Online Collaboration
IC2.a.1.i
Brainstorm and advocate for ways in which computing devices and the internet could be made more available to all people.
IC2.b.1.i
Brainstorm ways in which computing devices could be made more accessible to all users.
    3D Design: Keyboard Accommodations Design an App
IC2.c.2.i
Use online collaborative spaces ethically and safely to work with another student to solve a problem or reach a goal.
    Minecraft: Education Edition® Basic Gameplay Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Basic Moves Minecraft® Coding Fundamentals - Repeat Loops with Sea Turtles
IC2.c.3.i
Seek out and compare diverse perspectives, synchronously or asynchronously, to improve a project.
    3D Design: Recreate an Animal Maze Game Project Platform Game Design Digital Pet Project 3D Design: Keyboard Accommodations Design an App Maze Game Project
IC3.a.1.i
Use resources from the World Wide Web in making artifacts and recognize that the work came from others.
    Research: Informational Programs Giving Credit Through Attributions
IC3.b.3.i
Explain problems that relate to using computing devices and networks (e.g., logging out to deter others from using your account, cyberbullying, privacy of personal information, and ownership).
    Internet Positivity (Unplugged) Our Words Have Power (Cyberbullying) Strong Usernames and Passwords Digital Identity Giving Credit Through Attributions
NI1.a.2.i
Create examples of strong passwords, explain why strong passwords should be used, and demonstrate proper use and protection of personal passwords.
    Strong Usernames and Passwords
NI1.a.3.i
Remember basic concepts and facts regarding security issues with general computer use.
    Strong Usernames and Passwords
NI1.b.1.i
Give examples of information that organizations keep private as opposed to information that they make public.
NI2.a.3.i
Model how a device on a network sends a message from one device (sender) to another (receiver) while following specific rules.
    Networks, Packets, and the Internet Networks Part 2: Network Protocols
NI2.a.4.i
Differentiate between using the internet and not using the internet (e.g. identify difference between local and remote computation, such as collaborating on a Google Doc in “the cloud” versus editing a local document).
    Online Collaboration
NI2.a.5.i
Illustrate how information travels on the internet.
    Networks, Packets, and the Internet
NI2.b.1.i
Act out a protocol that people use in common everyday communications (e.g., checking out a book from the library, meeting a new person, making an appointment, playing a class game, or calling a friend on the phone to invite them over).
NI2.c.2.i
Devise a system for sending a physical message to anyone in their school by using addressing techniques, and then draw a tree or visual representation of their addressing system, and finally act out their addressing system by sending messages.
    Networks, Packets, and the Internet
NI2.d.1.i
Communicate across a classroom using a secure method of their own design (e.g., pictures, physical movement, text).
    Networks, Packets, and the Internet