An encryption method in which each letter of the message is shifted by a certain amount, called the key
A physical machine used in WWII that built on the complexity of substitution ciphers.
An encryption method that uses a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword
Scrambling digital information into an unreadable form. Only those with verified authority (password, key, etc) can unscramble it to read it.
The process of decrypting coded messages without being told the key.
The practice of solving and writing encryptions
The same key is used to encrypt and decrypt (e.g., Caesar, Vigenere)
One key encrypts, a different key decrypts.
Public key encryption is a type of asymmetric key encryption. There’s one key that encrypts the information and there is a different key that decrypts the information.
The output from any input that has been processed through a hashing algorithm / function.
The word hashing literally means to scramble. Hashing changes a message into an unreadable string of text for the purpose of verifying the message’s contents, but not hiding the message itself. It must be easy to compute the output (the digest) for any input, but hard to compute the input for any output. A hash function takes an input string of arbitrary length and produces a fixed- size, short output called a digest . It’s always the same length no matter how big the input is AND the output is always the same hash for any given input. Unlike symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, there are no “keys” in hashing functions.
whenever 2 inputs map to the same output.
whenever you can work backwards through an algorithm (like a Caesar cipher)
Finds the remainder after division of one number by another (sometimes called modulus). Example: 14 ➗ 4 = 3 remainder 2 14 mod 4 = 2 14 % 4 = 2
`lowerCamelCase` is a naming convention where the first letter is lower case, and each subsequent start of a word is upper case.
Defining a function means to teach the computer a new command and explain what it should do when receiving that command.
Calling a function actually gives the command, so the computer will run the code for that function.
Indentation is the visual structure of how your code is laid out. It uses tabs to organize code into a hierarchy.
Programs that "Read like a story" have good decomposition and make the code easy to follow.
The way your code is written is the style. It covers the aspects of the code that goes beyond whether or not it just works.
Breaking down (decomposing) your code is splitting it into more functions.
Top down design is a method for breaking our program down into smaller parts.
An algorithm is a set of steps or rules to follow to solve a particular problem.
Assumptions we make about what must be true before the function is called.
SuperKarel is like Karel but already knows how to turnRight() and turnAround()
Super Karel is still Karel, but it knows two new commands: `turnAround()` and `turnRight()`
A control structure lets us change the flow of the code.
An if statement lets you ask a question to the program and only run code if the answer is true.
Control structure that lets us run either one section of code or another depending on a test.
A problem when using a while loop where you forget one action at the beginning or the end.
A philosophy of making information and knowledge open and accessible to all people. A network of networks built on open, agreed upon protocols.
A widely agreed upon set of rules that standardize communication between machines.
Science that harnesses the power of many individuals to solve hard, complex problems.
Information (numbers, words, measurements, observations, etc) that is in a computer-readable form.
Defines how we represent numbers. Which digits we can use, and what each position (place ) in a number means.
The number system we use in out everyday lives. It has 10 digits, 0-9.
Number system that has 2 digits, 0 and 1. This is how computers represent numbers at the base level.
Number system that has 16 digits 1 - 9 and A - F.
A number system defines how we represent numbers. It defines which digits we can use, and what value each position (place value) in a number has.
The binary number system is the Base 2 Number System. It is a number system that only uses 2 digits (0 and 1).
Bit means "binary digit". A bit is a single digit in a binary number. A bit can either be 0 or 1.
ASCII is the standard protocol for encoding text information as bits. The ASCII table assigns a unique binary number to every text character.
The RGB encoding scheme allows us to encode colors such as numeric data. It defines the amount of Red, Green, and Blue light in a pixel.
An image can be represented as a grid of values. Each value encodes the color at that position in the image.
Defines how we represent numbers. Which digits we can use, and what each position (place ) in a number means.
Number system that has 16 digits 1 - 9 and A - F.
Images are made up of pixels, which are essentially a grid of values. Each value, or pixel, encodes the color at that position in the image.
The RGB encoding scheme allows us to encode colors as numeric data. It defines the amount of Red, Green, and Blue light in a pixel. Each color channel can have a value between 0 and 255.
Images are made up of pixels, which are essentially a grid of values. Each value, or pixel, encodes the color at that position in the image.
Cascading Style Sheets. The language for designing web pages and adding style.
an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects within web browsers.
in computer programming languages and especially JavaScript, is the process of removing all unnecessary characters from source code without changing its functionality.
Open Web Application Security Project; highly-regarded organization and much used by cybersecurity professionals.
An organized collection of data (e.g., text, images, videos, audio, geospatial, tabular) An electronic system that allows data to be easily accessed, manipulated and updated via a Database Management System (DBMS).
A set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (shown by a name) and horizontal rows (fields), the cell (record) being the unit where a row and column intersect. A table has a specified number of columns by design, but can have any number of rows.
Let you quickly perform an action on a table in a database like apply changes or retrieve information.
refers to an injection attack wherein an attacker can execute malicious SQL statements (also commonly referred to as a malicious payload) that control a web application's database server (also commonly referred to as a Relational Database Management System – RDBMS).
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security bug that can affect websites. If present in your website, this bug can allow an attacker to add their own malicious JavaScript code onto the HTML pages displayed to your users. Once executed by the victim's browser, this code could then perform actions such as completely changing the behavior or appearance of the website, stealing private data, or performing actions on behalf of the user.
Structured Query Language; Programming language for managing and querying data from a relational database.
A question (noun) or to ask a question (verb) - often in relation to a database.
How we define what is stored in a table.
Represents a piece of information (or attribute).
A set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (shown by a name) and horizontal rows (fields), the cell (record) being the unit where a row and column intersect. A table has a specified number of columns by design, but can have any number of rows.
One entry in a table. Each row has an ID that is unique to the table.
A statement in SQL that allows you to ask for a row or multiple rows from a table in a database.
a clause in SQL that allows you to filter results of s SELECT with certain conditions.
Client devices are typically personal computing devices with network software applications installed that request and receive information over the network or Internet. Mobile devices like your smart phone, tablets, iPads, laptops and also desktop computers can can all function as clients.
Examples of servers include web servers, mail servers, and file servers. Each of these servers provide resources to client devices. Most servers have a one-to-many relationship with clients, meaning a single server can provide multiple resources to multiple clients at one time.
Client-server applications are programs or apps that run on our client devices AND need to access resources from a server. In other words, they need help and can’t do what they need to do alone.
A server computer program or application provides functionality for client programs or devices. So a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client.
Client devices and applications are often referred to as the “front end” - meaning what the user actually sees.
Server devices and applications are often referred to as the “back end” - meaning the user doesn’t actually SEE what is happening; it’s hidden from their view and they just see the results on their end.
Clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server host runs one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Servers store and protect data and process requests from clients. Clients make requests and format data on the device for the end user.
An injection risk where the website returns errors that the hacker can use to explore the database more. This is the first clear test that an attacker can use to test to see if a site is vulnerable. It is usually displayed as an unhandled internal exception error. This info is meant for the developer and is not meant to go back and deliver it to a person’s webpage.
An injection risk where the attacker can add a condition that’s always true, like 1=1, often by appending it to the query to pull up even more in a results set. This fundamentally changes the query and can allow someone to pull the entire contents of the database.
Often used when error-based and union-based SQLi do not work. It essentially involves asking the database a series of targeting questions and based on the results gives clues as to how to get the DB to give up its contents.
Command that lets you tell Tracy to move forward. In between the parentheses you need to put a number to tell Tracy how far to move forward.
turns Tracy left at a specified angle
turns Tracy right at a specified angle
determines how quickly Tracy will move through commands
Indentation is the visual structure of how your code is laid out. It uses tabs to organize code into a hierarchy.
Command to change Tracy’s color.
In Python functions, the function body is the indented block of code that comes after the `def my_function():` line. The function body is what will be executed when the function is called.
A message in your code that explains what is going on.
Pieces of information you can give to functions when you define them. When the function is called the arguments are the data you pass into the function's parameters. Parameter is the variable in the declaration of the function. Argument is the actual value of this variable that gets passed to the function.
A control flow tool used as a second condition check after an if statement. It is a contraction of else if.
Command that lets you tell Tracy to move backward. In between the parentheses you need to put a number to tell Tracy how far to move backward.
Command that tells tracy to turn right and in between parentheses, how many degrees to turn right.
Command that tells tracy to turn left and in between parentheses, how many degrees to turn left.
A function that prints a prompt and retrieves text from the user.
A function is like a command that you get to invent and name. It allows us to break our program into smaller parts, making the program easier to understand.
Allows adding an image to a web page. It is self-closing. The attributes of an `<img>` tag include `src`, which specifies where to get the image from (the url for an image ), and `width` and `height` attributes, which specify the size of the image in pixels.
Way to organize information with a simple structure that is easy to read and write on a webpage. There are ordered and unordered HTML lists.
Defines an unordered list in HTML.
defines a list item inside an HMTL list.
Tables display information in a grid.
Allows adding several different types of styles to HTML elements.
Defines which HTML elements a CSS rule applies to.
`class` is an attribute we can add to HTML tags in order to style a specific group of elements.
`id` is an attribute we can add to an HTML tag to style that specific element.
Stands for Uniform Resource Locator. You are locating a resource that exists somewhere on the internet.
how company's use your data
protecting your data online
secure data transfer protocol when on the internet
Legal document outlining how a company can collect and use your data
attempting to find computer security vulnerabilities and exploit them for personal financial gain or other malicious reasons
a computer security specialist who breaks into protected systems and networks to test and assess their security
The information about a particular person that exists on the Internet as a result of their online activity
the use of electronic communication to bully a person
Information literacy is having the ability to find information, evaluate information credibility, and use information effectively.
A law that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use, distribution, and sale
Objects in the public domain are not subject to copyright laws, and thus may be freely used by the general public.
A set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices. In order for computers to exchange information, there must be an agreement as to how the information will be structured and how each side will send and receive it.
A group of two or more computer systems linked together.
The amount of data (in bits) that can be sent in a fixed amount of time.
The capacity of data transfer in a system. Measured by bitrate.
The latency of a system is the time it takes for a bit to travel from sender to receiver. Fiber optic cables have low latency.
A new 128 bit version of the Internet Protocol.
The protocol that defines the payout of an an Internet address.
Distributed Denial of Service attack. Spam a web server with so many requests so close together that it crashes. Sometimes spitting out valuable information as it crashes.
a weakness which can be exploited by a malicious actor / attacker to perform unauthorized actions within a computer system.
a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a sequence of commands that takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software, hardware, etc.
AAA in network security stands for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting. It is used to refer to a family of protocols which mediate network access.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a client / server protocol and software that enables remote access servers to communicate with a central server to authenticate users and authorize their access to the requested system or service.
A firewall is a system that provides network security by filtering incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of firewall rules. The purpose of a firewall is to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of unwanted network communications while allowing all legitimate communication to flow freely.
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are available in two different types: host-based intrusion system (HBIS) and network-based intrusion system (NBIS). An IDS tries to detect malicious activity such as denial-of-service attacks, port scans and attacks by monitoring the network traffic.
In network security, access control is the restriction of access to a place or other resource on a network. Permission to access a resource is called authorization.
Used to translate domain names into IP addresses.
The process of sending data between two computers on the internet. The data is sent through routers that determine the route.
When multiple paths exist between two points. This improves reliability and makes the internet fault tolerable. Makes the routing system scalable.
Packets are the units of data that are sent over the network.
a set of data that describes and gives information about other data.
Standardizes the layout of all packets. All packets must have a destination IP address, a from IP address, and the actual data being sent. Defines the layout of a SINGLE packet.
Allows for sending MULTIPLE packets between two computers. TCP checks that all packets arrived and can be put back in the proper order. The metadata must include a destination IP address, a from IP address, the message size and the packet order number.
Protocol that standardizes the language for talking to web servers to send and receive web resources. Defines how computers send and receive hypertext information. (HTTPS: The “S” denotes a secure connection using HTTP.)
Able to send bits from router to router across long distances, but they are very expensive.
A protocol that defines the structure of an Internet address and assigns a unique address to every device on the Internet.
HyperText Transfer Protocol is a protocol that standardizes the language for talking to web servers to send and receive web pages, or HyperText information (HTML pages).
