A coordinate system uses numbers as coordinates to place objects in a geometric space.
The length between the center and edge of a circle
A standardized way to visually model the structure and behavior of software systems.
An algorithm is a set of steps or rules to follow to solve a particular problem.
Also called sequential search, a search algorithm that searches for a given value in a list of values. Linear search is less efficient than binary search.
Array values are stored at a particular index and we access elements in the array by referencing this index value. Index values in Arrays start a 0.
The ability to achieve an end goal with little to no waste.
The value being searched for in a data set
A string comparison rule that differentiates between uppercase and lowercase characters
Sorting algorithm that takes an array of values and sorts it. The idea is to have a sorted part of the list and an unsorted part. On each iteration, selection sort finds the lowest value in the unsorted section of the list and adds it to the end of the sorted part.
Sorting algorithm that sorts an array of values. The idea behind insertion sort is to have a sorted part of the list and an unsorted part. On each iteration of the algorithm, we grab the next unsorted element and place it in its proper position in the sorted section.
A condition that holds true throughout a loop’s execution (e.g., part of the array is always sorted)
A method for reordering data into a specific sequence
The `break;` statement breaks out of the current loop, without executing any more code in the loop.
The number of times a statement is executed by the program.
A tool for tracking variable values and executed lines during program execution
Evaluating how long a program takes to run or how many steps it performs
A category of data, such as “Customer” or “Order,” that your system tracks
A specific property or detail of an entity, such as “email” or “date”
A unique identifier for each item in an entity
A method of updating beliefs based on new evidence.
An initial belief or assumption before new data is introduced.
The probability of observing the evidence assuming the prior belief is true.
The updated belief after considering the new evidence.
A formula used to compute conditional probability: `P(A|B) = [P(B|A) * P(A)] / P(B)`
A method of reasoning that allows for degrees of truth between 0 and 1, rather than strict true/false values.
A curve that defines how much a value belongs to a fuzzy set.
A value between 0 and 1 indicating how true a statement is for a given input.
A logic rule using imprecise conditions, typically in the form: IF condition THEN result.
The process by which machines gather information about their environment using sensors.
The system's ability to detect distance between itself and nearby objects.
The system’s ability to interpret sensor data and make decisions.
The system’s ability to perform actions based on decisions using outputs like motors or lights.
The study of how humans and robots communicate, collaborate, and coexist.
An artificial intelligence model that is commonly used in games to model the behavior of a non-playable character (NPC). It consists of a set of finite states with associated transitions that occur based on certain events, which cause the character between different behaviors.
A character in a game that is controlled by an artificial intelligence (AI) agent rather than a player.
An algorithm that starts at the root of a search tree and explores its nodes to find a node that satisfies the conditions mentioned in a search problem
the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings
The ability to perceive and interpret information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied in the correct context
A test that determines how realistic, or humanlike a computer system really is. If a human is unable to tell if it is talking to a computer or a human, then the computer is said to have passed the Turing test.
AI that is built for a specific purpose and excels in its limited domain
a more human-like AI; versatile across various cognitive functions and tasks, having broader capabilities
Machine learning is a field of Artificial Intelligence that uses inputs and outputs to create computer models that teaches a computer to have intelligence.
A type of machine learning that uses a computational model that uses nodes inspired by the structure and functioning of the human brain and learns by trial and error.
Convolutional Neural Networks are a type of neural network that are commonly used to classify images by using a weighted kernel.
A type of deep learning model especially suited for image recognition tasks.
A small matrix applied across an image to extract features.
The result of applying filters, showing areas where patterns are detected.
A process that reduces the size of activation maps while retaining important information.
A widely-used collection of handwritten digits for training image classification models.
A form of machine learning where algorithms are trained to make predictions using testing data, where the outcome of a specific event is already determined
A large percent of a dataset that is used to teach a machine learning model
A smaller subset of a dataset that is used test a trained machine learning model
A form of machine learning where algorithms are able to group data and find patterns in the data on their own
A form of machine learning where a computer agent learns to make decisions by interacting with its environment and receiving feedback.
Logical gates are physical circuits that implement logical operators.
The binary number system is the Base 2 Number System. It is a number system that only uses 2 digits (0 and 1).
The decimal number system is the Base 10 number system. It is a number system that only uses 10 digits (0 through 9).
Bit means "binary digit". A bit is a single digit in a binary number. A bit can either be 0 or 1.
The method by which data is stored in a file format.
A number system defines how we represent numbers. It defines which digits we can use, and what value each position (place value) in a number has.
ASCII is the standard protocol for encoding text information as bits. The ASCII table assigns a unique binary number to every text character.
The RGB encoding scheme allows us to encode colors such as numeric data. It defines the amount of Red, Green, and Blue light in a pixel.
A person or device that makes calculations, stores data, and executes instructions according to a program.
The physical components of a computer
Programs that can be run on a computer
Information (numbers, words, measurements, observations, etc) that is in a computer-readable form.
Search algorithm that only works on a sorted list. It discards half of the list on each iteration, getting to the solution much faster than Linear Search.
At a high level, recursion is when a function (or method) calls itself.
The base case is the simplest form of the recursive problem. The base case can be immediately solved without breaking the problem down any further.
A problem solving approach where you **divide** the problem into several smaller sub-problems of similar form, and keep doing so until the problems are trivially simple to solve (**conquer**)
Merge sort is a recursive sorting algorithm that can be used to sort elements in an array or ArrayList.
Defining a function means to teach the computer a new command and explain what it should do when receiving that command.
Calling a function actually gives the command, so the computer will run the code for that function.
An if statement lets you ask a question to the program and only run code if the answer is true.
Control structure that lets us run either one section of code or another depending on a test.
A statement that evaluates to true or false.
The value returned from a function when the function is called.
The default value given to a parameter when it is initialized if no value is passed in.
Also called a list. A data structure that holds a collection of values in a particular order
The position of an element in an array. The first element is at index 0, the second element is at index 1, and so on.
Looping through an array is the process to loop through an array and access each of the elements. Caution must be taken to avoid looping beyond the valid index values.
An if statement lets you ask a question to the program and only run code if the answer is true.
A function passed as a parameter to another function in order to be called later.
An event is an action (such as clicking the mouse or pressing a key on the keyboard) that a program detects and uses as input.
A mouse event is when the user does something with the mouse, like clicking or moving.
A key event is when the user does presses any of the keyboard keys.
