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New York Computer Science 7-8 Glossary

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CIA Triad General

The CIA Triad is a widely-accepted security measure that should be guaranteed in every secure system. It stands for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.

Confidentiality General

The protection of information from people who are not authorized to view it.

Integrity General

Aims at ensuring that information is protected from unauthorized or unintentional alteration.

Availability General

The assurance that systems and data are accessible by authorized users when and where needed.

Internet General

A philosophy of making information and knowledge open and accessible to all people. A network of networks built on open, agreed upon protocols.

Protocol General

A widely agreed upon set of rules that standardize communication between machines.

Network General

A group of two or more computer systems linked together.

Server Device General

Examples of servers include web servers, mail servers, and file servers. Each of these servers provide resources to client devices. Most servers have a one-to-many relationship with clients, meaning a single server can provide multiple resources to multiple clients at one time.

modem General

A network device that allows a device to connect to the Internet.

router General

An access point that allows for network management and security configuration.

Connecting Point General

In cyber security, a connecting point refers to any physical or logical location where a device or system connects to a network, enabling data exchange. These connecting points, also known as endpoints, are crucial entry points for cyberattacks, as threat actors can exploit vulnerabilities at these locations to gain unauthorized access to networks and data.

Phishing General

The usage of deceptive emails and websites to maliciously gather personal information

Ransomware General

Ransomware is a type cyber attack that threatens to publish the victim's data or block access to it unless a ransom is paid.

Internet of Things General

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect and exchange data.

Cybersecurity General

Protection of computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks.

Cryptography General

Scrambling digital information into an unreadable form. Only those with verified authority (password, key, etc) can unscramble it to read it.

Caesar Cipher General

An encryption method in which each letter of the message is shifted by a certain amount, called the key

Decryption General

The conversion of encrypted data into its original form.

Encryption General

the process of converting information or data, usually to prevent unauthorized access

Computer General

A person or device that makes calculations, stores data, and executes instructions according to a program.

Computer

Software General

Programs that can be run on a computer

operating system (OS) General

The primary software that runs applications and manages all the hardware, memory and other software on a computer.

Hardware General

The physical components of a computer

motherboard General

A circuit board with ports and sockets used to connect the main devices of a computer.

central processing unit (CPU) General

The core component of a device that accepts and executes instructions.

random access memory (RAM) General

A fast type of computer memory which temporarily stores all the information your device needs right away.

hard drive General

A data storage device that uses magnetic storage and rapidly rotating disks to store and retrieve digital information.

Cloud Computing General

Cloud computing is the on demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.

Karel General

Karel is a dog who listens to your commands.

Karel

Command JavaScript

A command is an instruction you can give to Karel.

Command

Debugging General

Debugging is fixing a problem in your code.

Debugging

Programming Language General

A programming language is any set of rules that converts strings, or graphical program elements in the case of visual programming languages, to various kinds of machine code output.

Define a Function JavaScript

Defining a function means to teach the computer a new command and explain what it should do when receiving that command.

Define a Function

Call a Function JavaScript

Calling a function actually gives the command, so the computer will run the code for that function.

Call a Function

Function General

A block of reusable code that is used to perform a task.

World General

A "world" or "Karel World" is a grid that karel lives in.

karel World

Comment JavaScript

A message in your code that explains what is going on.

Comment

Comment Out JavaScript

Commenting out code makes the computer ignore it, so it does not run.

Comment Out

Decomposition General

Decomposition is breaking your program into smaller parts.

Decomposition

Top Down Design JavaScript

Top down design is a method for breaking our program down into smaller parts.

Top Down Design

Loop General

A loop is a way to repeat code in your program.

Loop

For Loop JavaScript

A for loop lets us repeat code a **fixed number of times**.

For Loop

If Statement General

An if statement lets you ask a question to the program and only run code if the answer is true.

If Statement

Conditional Statement General

A statement that evaluates to true or false.

If Else Statement General

Control structure that lets us run either one section of code or another depending on a test.

If Else Statement

While Loop General

Lets us repeat code as long as something is true.

While Loop

`fill()` JavaScript

Sets the color used to fill shapes.

`fill(red, green, blue)` JavaScript

Sets the color used to fill shapes using RGB values.

`fill(grayscale)` JavaScript

Sets the color used to fill shapes to a grayscale value.

`stroke()` JavaScript

Sets the color used to draw lines and borders around shapes.

`stroke(grayscale)` JavaScript

Sets the color used to draw lines and borders around shapes to a grayscale value

`stroke(red, green, blue)` JavaScript

Sets the color used to draw lines and borders around shapes using RGB values

`noStroke()` JavaScript

Disables drawing the stroke (outline)

RGB Color Model JavaScript

A color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a color

Hex Color JavaScript

A way of representing a color from various color models using hexadecimal values

Color Palette JavaScript

A collection of colors used together in one medium

Declare a Variable JavaScript

Declaring a variable is defining it for the first time.

Declare a Variable

Variable General

A symbol or container that holds a value.

variable

Initialize a Variable JavaScript

Initializing a variable is giving it an initial value.

System Variable JavaScript

A built-in variable provided by p5.js

`width` JavaScript

System variable that stores the width of the drawing canvas. This value is set by the first parameter of the `createCanvas()` function.

`height` JavaScript

System variable that stores the height of the drawing canvas. This value is set by the second parameter of the `createCanvas()` function.

Animation General

A form of art that rapidly displays a sequence of still images to create an illusion of movement

Frame General

A single image in a sequence of pictures

Frame Rate (Frames Per Second) JavaScript

The rate at which consecutive frames are captured or displayed

frameRate(fps) JavaScript

Specifies the number of frames to be displayed every second

frameCount JavaScript

A p5.js system variable that contains the number of frames that have been displayed since the program started

Color Gradient General

A gradual blend of one color to another.

Shape Transformations General

The changes done in the shapes on a coordinate plane by scaling, translating, or rotating.

Translation General

Slides or moves the shape

Scale (Dialation) JavaScript

Expands or contracts the shape

Degree JavaScript

A measurement of a plane angle in which one full rotation is 360 degrees

Radian General

The SI unit for measuring angles

`translate(x, y)` JavaScript

Sets the amount to shift the origin of the canvas. The x parameter specifies left/right translation, the y parameter specifies up/down translation.

`rotate(angle)` JavaScript

Rotates a shape by the amount specified by the angle parameter

`scale(percent)` JavaScript

Increases or decreases the size of a shape by expanding or contracting vertices.

Rotation General

Rotates or turns the shape around an axis

mouseX JavaScript

A system variable that contains the current horizontal position of the mouse

mouseY JavaScript

A system variable that contains the current vertical position of the mouse

mouseButton JavaScript

A system variable that tracks of which mouse button is pressed. Its value can be either LEFT, RIGHT, or CENTER depending on which button was pressed last

`key` JavaScript

A system variable that contains the value of the most recent key on the keyboard that was typed

`keyIsDown(keycode)` JavaScript

Checks if a given key is currently down

`keyIsPressed` JavaScript

A system variable that returns `true` if any key is pressed and `false` is no keys are pressed

Key Codes JavaScript

Numeric values that correspond to physical keys on the keyboard

setup() JavaScript

Called once when the program starts and is used to define the initial environment properties.

draw() JavaScript

Continuously executes the lines of code contained inside its block until the program is stopped.

createCanvas(width, height) JavaScript

Creates a canvas element in the document and sets the dimensions of it in pixels.

ellipse(x, y, w, [h]) JavaScript

Draws an ellipse to the screen given the x, y coordinate and the width and height (height is optional).

rect(x, y, w, [h]) JavaScript

Draws a rectangle to the screen given the x, y coordinate and the width and height (height is optional).

line(x1, y1, x2, y2) JavaScript

Draws a line (direct path between two points) to the screen. The first two parameters x1, y1 control the position of the first point and the last two parameters x2, y2 control the position of the second point.