A programming language is any set of rules that converts strings, or graphical program elements in the case of visual programming languages, to various kinds of machine code output.
An algorithm is a set of steps or rules to follow to solve a particular problem.
Traditionally the very first program you write when learning a programming language, a program that prints "Hello world" to the user.
Displaying text on the screen
Declaring a variable is defining it for the first time.
Initializing a variable is giving it an initial value.
Adding two strings together using the "+" operator.
A variable with text as the value
A variable with a whole number as the value
A variable with a decimal number as the value
A function that prints a prompt and retrieves text from the user.
The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another data type is called type conversion.
Also called floats, floating point numbers represent real numbers and are written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts.
Arithmetic operators include + addition, - subtraction, * multiplication, / division, and % modulus. These operators are used to perform basic mathematical tasks.
A coordinate system uses numbers as coordinates to place objects in a geometric space.
The variables that are attached to the object.
An event is an action (such as clicking the mouse or pressing a key on the keyboard) that a program detects and uses as input.
A function passed as a parameter to another function in order to be called later.
A person or device that makes calculations, stores data, and executes instructions according to a program.
A function is like a command that you get to invent and name. It allows us to break our program into smaller parts, making the program easier to understand.
Print Displaying text on the screen.
The study of computational thinking, the thinking humans need to in order to describe a step by step process to a computer.
A general term in programming that refers to the flow of information into and out of a program
`snake case` refers to the style of writing in which each space is replaced by an underscore `_` character and the first letter of each word is lowercase.
A True or False value
Used to make logical associations between boolean values.
Used to make comparisons between values.
An if statement lets you ask a question to the program and only run code if the answer is true.
Executes code only if all conditions are false
sequential programming refers to programs that are executed sequentially – once through, from start to finish, without other processing executing.
Non-sequential Programming refers to a programming paradigm where programs can have multiple tasks being completed at once or out of sequential order.
A for loop lets us repeat code a **fixed number of times.**
A for loop lets us repeat code a **fixed number of times.**
Not actually random, but appears to be random
Lets us repeat code as long as something is true.
Exits the current loop and resumes execution at the next statement.
Rejects all the remaining statements in the current iteration of the loop and moves the control back to the top of the loop to continue to the next iteration. Can be used in both while and for loops.
Control structure that lets us run either one section of code or another depending on a test.
A function is like a command that you get to invent and name. It allows us to break our program into smaller parts, making the program easier to understand.
Pieces of information you can give to functions when you define them. When the function is called the arguments are the data you pass into the function's parameters. Parameter is the variable in the declaration of the function. Argument is the actual value of this variable that gets passed to the function.
Exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to the caller. A `return` statement with no arguments is the same as `return None`.
a namespace is the collection of variable names that exist at a certain point in your code.
A variable that is restricted to use in a certain scope of a program
Runtime errors in a program. by default, they stop the program.
Programming constructs that can be used to gracefully handle exceptions so that a program can continue in spite of them.
APIs and libraries simplify complex programming tasks by providing sets of clearly defined methods of communication among various computing components.
Unable to change. Strings in Java are immutable, meaning you can't change it once you make it. If you take a substring of a String, or concatenate something to a String, the result is a *brand new* String, rather than a modification of the original.
A particular way of organizing data in our programs.
A heterogenous, immutable data type that stores an ordered sequence of things.
The items stored can be of any type: numeric, string, boolean, etc.
A heterogenous, **mutable** data type that stores an ordered sequence of things.
When something is changeable or has the ability to change.
The `join()` method takes all items in a collection and joins them into one string
A for loop lets us repeat code a **fixed number of times.**
Accessing certain elements in a list
A method that counts occurrences of specific items in a list.
Add a particular item to the end of a list.
Takes a list as an argument and extends the current list with the list given as an argument.
sorts the list in ascending order by default.
reverses the sorting order of the elements.
removes the first occurrence of the element with the specified value.
Design Thinking is an iterative process in which you seek to understand your users, challenge, assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions which you can prototype and test.
A model designed to demonstrate the most basic functionality or basic design of a product, sometimes used as a proof of concept
A chance to get feedback on your solutions, refine them, and make them better.
A law that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use, distribution, and sale
Information literacy is having the ability to find information, evaluate information credibility, and use information effectively.
A computer system able to perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence
a video or image of a person in which their face or body has been digitally altered so that they appear to be someone else, typically used maliciously or to spread false information.
Any type of software that is designed to intentionally harm or damage a computer or network.
A type of malware that attaches itself onto a host program, such as a document. It can cause serious damage to files or an entire device.
A software that prevents users from accessing their files or network until a ransom is paid.
Once downloaded onto a user’s computer, the software secretly gathers information about a person or organization and sends it to the attacker.
A cybercrime in which a person is contacted by email, telephone or text message by someone who is posing as a legitimate company.
A network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic.
The information about a particular person that exists on the Internet as a result of their online activity
the use of electronic communication to bully a person
Software that is available for anyone to access and modify.
Software that is owned by an individual or company.
An API (application programming interface) is a set of tools for building programs.
A file containing Python definitions and statements.
A collection of related modules.
A collection of modules and packages.
Written instructions detailing the functions, methods, and variables available and how to use them.
A data structure that stores and aligns data in a table using rows and columns.
Lists the data types used in each column in the DataFrame
Prints the number of rows and columns in the format (rows, columns)
Lists the data types used in each column, non-null values, and memory usage info
Lists the descriptive statistics for each column.
Lists the first num rows
Lists the last num rows
Lists the rows from index a to index b, exclusively (not including b).
A sequence of steps for processing and using data.
Numerical data that can be counted or measured.
Data that can be divided into different categories.
A one-dimensional, labeled array (or list) that is formatted like a single column of a data table.
Used to describe how data is spread. It also describes the variability of the dataset.
A measure of how spread out a group of numbers are, calculated by taking the square root of the variance.
Used to describe how far each number in the dataset is from the mean and calculated by determining the average of the squared differences from the mean.
The difference between the largest number and the smallest number. The larger the range, the larger the spread or dispersion.
The difference between the first and third quartiles. Indicates how spread out the middle 50% of the set of data is. Helps to avoid outliers affecting the data.
Median of the first half of the data or the 25% point.
Median of the second half of the data or the 75% point.
The process of learning about the world using data and computation.
A question that could have a variety of different answers.
